Sources: Eurostat gov_10a_main, gov_10a_taxag, gov_10a_exp; EC Annual Report on Taxation; Eurostat HICP (rebased 1999=100); EC AMECO / IMF WEO for 2025–26 projections. All figures in € billions, EU-27 excluding United Kingdom, calendar year. Corporate income tax separated per Eurostat gov_10a_taxag (~3–4% of GDP throughout). National debt = Maastricht gross general government debt (ESA 2010, EDP definition), consistent with US and UK charts. * = EC/IMF estimate or projection.